BITCOIN HALVING

After every 210,000 blocks, Bitcoin goes through a process called “halving.” This mechanism was integrated into the protocol by Satoshi Nakamoto himself. After a protocol goes through “halving,” it cuts the supply of new Bitcoins in half, halving the miner’s block production rewards, as well.

What is the Bitcoin Halving?
Specifically, the Bitcoin protocol cuts the bitcoin block reward in half. Every time a Bitcoin halving occurs, miners begin receiving 50% fewer BTC for verifying transactions.

Bitcoin – The 21 million upper cap
As you already know, Bitcoin has a 21 million upper cap. In other words, there will only be 21 million Bitcoins that will ever exist. So, why does Bitcoin have an upper cap in the first place? Ripple CTO David Schwartz says that there are three reasons:

Fiat currency is extremely inflationary in nature. The Federal Reserve controls the US Dollar. Any time they want to regulate the supply, they can simply inject more cash into the system. Many people see this as a highly unethical practice. This is why Nakamoto hard-coded an upper cap to make sure that nobody can randomly inflate Bitcoin’s supply as they see fit.
When Bitcoin was first designed, it wasn’t clear whether it would be adopted in the first place or not. By fixing the supply, prospective investors were incentivized to acquire Bitcoins before it runs out.
Finally, some way was needed to distribute the currency. Miners will initially use their computational power to distribute Bitcoin. After all the coins have been mined, transaction fees could take over to secure Bitcoin’s tokenomics.
Bitcoin – Understanding mining and deflation
Having a 21 million cap ensures that Bitcoin is a deflationary asset, as opposed to an inflationary one. At the very core of Bitcoin lies the concept of mining. We are pretty sure that you must have heard the term and may even be familiar with what it means in the context of Bitcoin.

For those who don’t know, mining is a process with which certain nodes, called “miners,” use specialized mining equipment to solve cryptographically hard puzzles.

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Yen off 6-week low after "helicopter money" mania shot down

The yen hovered above six-week lows on Friday after comments from Bank of Japan Governor Haruhiko Kuroda dented speculation Japan may be preparing a radical "helicopter money" economic stimulus.

The yen bounced back to 105.88 yen per dollar from 107.49, its six-week low against the U.S. currency touched on Thursday.The rebound was triggered by Kuroda's comments on a BBC Radio 4 interview on Thursday playing down the idea of helicopter money, essentially a policy of injecting cash directly to the economy in some form by printing money.

With Prime Minister Shinzo Abe crafting a massive spending package worth about $190 billion to bolster the economy, some speculators had bet the BOJ could be financing the additional spending - likened by economists to dropping large amounts of cash from a helicopter.

The BBC later said its interview with Kuroda had been conducted in mid-June, helping to cool the yen's gains.Certainly his comments have not dispelled expectations of easing. I suspect a rough consensus in the market is increase in buying of ETFs and REITs as well as 0.10 percentage point cut in interest rates," said Koichi Takamatsu, head of forex at Nomura Securities.

Few market players take Kuroda's words at face value after he introduced negative interest rates in January only days after he said publicly that he was not considering such measures.

A small number of market players, however, think the BOJ may opt to ease later to keep its dwindling fire power.

"I think the BOJ is more likely to ease in November when the government's supplementary budget will be ready, rather than now. I'm not sure if the BOJ feels it needs to act now, when even the Bank of England has not eased," said Minori Uchida, chief currency analyst at the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ.

FOMC minutes: Fed to 'wait and see' for even longer due to Brexit

Little news in the minutes from the June FOMC meeting, which took place just eight days before the UK's EU vote. Most of the information we already got in the FOMC meeting statement and Fed chair Yellen's press conference after the end of the meeting. 

The Fed was already in  a wait and see' mode before the UK's EU vote due to the mixed signals from data (strong pickup in activity growth in Q2 but weak employment growth). With Brexit this is even more true and we think the Fed will 'wait and see' for even longer. 

Market participants agree that the Fed is on hold for now as markets only price in a fifty-fifty chance of a Fed hike before year-end next year. 

The minutes confirm the message Fed chair Janet Yellen sent at the press conference, where she said that a Brexit ' could have consequences ' for the US economic outlook and financial markets developments. The minutes state that the Fed will have to 'wait for additional data regarding labor market conditions as well as information that would allow them to assess the consequences of the U.K. vote for global financial conditions and the U.S. economic outlook '. 

Now that we know the UK voted to 'leave' the EU, we have lowered our growth forecasts for the US economy from 1.9% to 1.7% this year and from 2.3% to 1.9% next year. The reason is that the US economy is not immune to a slowdown in Europe. Hence, we also expect the Fed to be on hold until June 2017 and only to hike twice next year (we expect the following hike in December 2017) . As we have argued for some time, most voting FOMC members have a dovish-to-neutral stance on monetary policy and would rather postpone the second hike than hike prematurely. 

We think the risk to our Fed view is balanced so the next hike could come sooner if the impact of Brexit on the economy is smaller than we currently expect (or later if bigger). 

Otherwise, the FOMC mainly discussed how to interpret the mixed data, especially the weak jobs reports. The minutes state that the FOMC ' discussed a range of interpretations of these data '. ' Many ' FOMC members think that the jobs growth in recent months have been lower than the ' underlying pace ' due to transitory factors as noise and strikes. ' Some ' noted that other labour market indicators have been stronger while also ' some ' thought that it could be ' indicative of a broader slowdown ' in the economy. 

The next important data release is on Friday when the June jobs report is due. Even if we see a rebound after the weak reports in April and May, this would probably not be enough to bring back the Fed hiking theme due to Brexit. The Fed needs data from after Brexit to analyse the impact of Brexit on the economic situation in the US before moving on. Since PCE core inflation is still below 2%, inflation expectations (both survey-based and market-based) have fallen and wage inflation is still subdued, the Fed can afford to stay patient. 

Brexit Outcome Stuns Markets – What Comes Next?

The outcome of Thursday’s historic EU referendum, in which nearly 52% of UK voters opted to leave the European Union, stunned markets globally in its immediate aftermath on Friday morning. The vote counting began with a surprisingly sizeable lead for Leave at over 60% of voters in Sunderland, and the pro-Brexit camp never looked back as it continued to maintain a modest advantage throughout the vote tally, even after the expectedly pro-Remain London votes came in.

Prior to the voting results being known, most of Thursday and the previous several days were characterized by the financial markets’ strong conviction that Remain would prevail. Despite an extremely tight contest in pre-vote polling, this was partly due to betting odds-makers predicting an overwhelmingly high probability of a Remain victory. To say that financial markets were caught off-guard when the Leave camp began early in the vote count to show its strength would be an understatement. After the referendum’s outcome, when UK Prime Minister David Cameron announced his upcoming resignation as a result, the market impact was even more pronounced.

As it became increasingly clear during the vote count that a Brexit outcome might actually occur, markets experienced exceptionally high volatility, most notably in the currency markets. In particular, the British pound and Japanese yen underwent vast and rapid swings throughout the course of the vote count. As expected, the British pound was most heavily pressured due to the widely-projected, negative economic implications of a Brexit, with GBP/USD plunging at one point to more than a 30-year low of 1.3226 in the aftermath of the referendum outcome. Also as expected, the Japanese yen surged strongly due to its status as a safe haven currency in times of market turmoil, with USD/JPY dropping to a new multi-year low just below 99.00.

When the pound and yen were pitted against each other in the form of GBP/JPY, the results were even more dramatic. The currency pair dropped by a massive 20 big figures to a new 3½-year low just above 133.00. Finally, although the euro rose sharply against the even more heavily-pressured pound, the common currency had its own fair share of trouble after the referendum results. EUR/USD plunged to a low of 109.10 before paring much of its losses on Friday morning.

The market impact was not limited to currencies, however, as gold spiked due to its status as a safe haven asset and global equities experienced large initial drops on the news. By Friday afternoon in Europe, most of these reactions had been cut back significantly, but exceptional pressure on sterling continued to define the financial markets.

Now that the news is out and the immediate market reactions have occurred, what might be next with respect to the Brexit outcome? The process of separation between the UK and European Union is expected to be long and drawn-out, likely taking at least a couple of years with many negotiations, both political and economic, occurring in the process. On the near-term horizon, however, Brexit implications will probably be felt relatively quickly and on a global basis. The obvious question now is which EU countries might be next in holding their own referenda for leaving the European Union. If this becomes an increasing occurrence amongst current EU countries, the viability of both the European Union and the Eurozone (and in turn, the euro currency) could become even more questionable.

But even more pressing at the moment is Brexit’s potential impact on major central banks. Bank of England Governor Mark Carney made a televised appearance on Friday morning stating that the central bank “will not hesitate to take measures as required” with respect to the extreme volatility in the pound as a result of the referendum. The other major currency most affected by Brexit, as noted, has been the Japanese yen. There have been numerous warnings in the recent past and the immediate run-up to the referendum from Japanese officials touting Japan’s readiness and willingness to intervene should the yen become too strong or experience exceptional volatility. If the yen spike continues, given that the USD/JPY dropped well below 100.00 at one point on Friday, this could very well fulfill the prerequisites for an impending currency intervention by Japan in attempts to stem the yen’s rise.

Finally, the Brexit outcome is very likely also to have a substantial impact on the US Federal Reserve. Since the results of the referendum have been announced, the implied probability of a Fed rate hike any time this year has plunged dramatically, with some market participants now even speculating on a possible rate cut. If this actually comes to pass, the Fed will have finally relented by joining other major central banks on the prevailing global trend of monetary easing.

As the Brexit outcome continues to be digested and through the next few weeks, the markets should continue to exhibit lingering volatility as the trends going forward are being determined. For both the pound and euro, this could mean persistent pressure for the time being, particularly for the euro if other EU countries begin to take the UK’s lead. Safe haven assets like gold, the yen and the Swiss franc, should also remain supported as markets fluctuate and find direction. The noted prospect of Japanese (and possibly Swiss) intervention, however, could potentially help to limit the yen’s gains if it occurs. As for the US dollar, if Brexit affects the Fed’s prior monetary stance as much as might be expected, the greenback could also come under significant pressure going forward.

There is an incredible theory that a Brexit won't actually happen even if the public votes for it

A really crucial detail about the upcoming EU referendum has gone virtually unmentioned and it is probably the most crucial detail: Parliament doesn't actually have to bring Britain out of the EU if the public votes for it.

That is because the result of June 23 referendum on Britain's EU membership is not legally binding. Instead, it is merely advisory, and, in theory, could be totally ignored by UK government.

Instead, what will happen next if the public votes for a Brexit will be purely a matter of parliamentary politics.

The government could decide to put the matter to parliament and then hope to win the vote, Green says. Alternatively, ministers could attempt to negotiate an updated EU membership deal and put it to another referendum. Finally, the government could just choose to totally ignore the will of the public.

Pro-EU MPs could even argue that ignoring the public's will would be parliamentary sovereignty in practice - something that Leave campaigners argue has been conceded to Brussels.

The only way that a Brexit vote would have weight in law would be if the government decided to invoke Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty. This is when an EU member state chooses to activate the process of withdrawing from the 28-nation bloc.

Article 50 would make Britain's EU membership a legal matter. However, even if the June 23 referendum produces a Leave majority, the government would not be obliged to invoke the legislation.

A vote for Brexit will not be determinative of whether the UK will leave the EU. That potential outcome comes down to the political decisions which then follow before the Article 50 notification. The policy of the government (if not of all of its ministers) is to remain in the EU. The UK government may thereby seek to put off the Article 50 notification, regardless of political pressure and conventional wisdom.

This has to go down as one of the largest pieces of small print in British political history.

The overwhelming majority of the British public is probably totally unaware of this legislative loophole. As far as most Brits understand, Britain will no longer be an EU member if Leave wins next week's referendum.

Interestingly, parliament choosing to ignore the British public isn't as unthinkable as conventional wisdom leads us to believe. In fact, according to the BBC, MPs have already discussed the possibility.

Speaking to the BBC earlier this month, an unnamed pro-EU MP said: "We would accept the mandate of the people to leave the EU. But everything after that is negotiable and parliament would have its say. The terms on which we leave are entirely within my remit as a parliamentarian and that is something for me to take a view on."

SNB Braces for Brexit Tsunami as Officials Prepare Franc Defense

If Thomas Jordan finds himself in the midst of a foreign-exchange tsunami this month, it won’t be of his own making.

Brexit Watch: The pound, the polls, and the probability of Brexit, all in one place

In January 2015, the Swiss National Bank shook markets when it gave up its cap on the franc. Now central bankers the world over are casting a nervous eye toward London amid fear the U.K.’s departure from the European Union could upset investors, disrupting economic growth and forcing officials to maintain their extraordinarily loose policy even longer. SNB President Jordan warned back in April that a so-called Brexit would cause “enormous stress” in Europe.

A British vote to leave the EU on June 23 would practically guarantee a surge in the franc, popular among investors at times of market stress, according to a Bloomberg survey of 23 economists. The SNB will counter that appreciation with more aggressive interventions, the majority of those polled said. Some even expect a cut to the deposit rate, already at a record low of minus 0.75 percent.

“Obviously Brexit would be a game-changer,” said Alan McQuaid, chief economist at Merrion Capital Group Ltd. in Dublin. “If the franc appreciated back to the 1.00-1.05 range and held there for a prolonged period, then the SNB would have to consider its options, with cutting the deposit rate further the most likely initial response.”

Having dropped its 1.20-per-euro ceiling on the franc -- described by Swatch Group AG Chief Executive Officer Nick Hayek as a “tsunami” at the time --, the SNB spent the past year using negative interest rates and occasional interventions to take pressure off the currency, and succeeded in weakening it roughly 3 percent in the past 12 months.

Yet with the franc back on an appreciation course and the cost of hedging its gains on the rise, the Brexit vote is threatening to erodemonths of the SNB’s hard work. Last week, the Swiss currency appreciated past 1.09 per euro for the first time since mid-April. It traded at 1.08862 at 2:23 p.m. on Zurich on Monday.

One Week

The SNB’s next quarterly interest-rate decision is scheduled for Thursday. Given that’s a week before the U.K. plebiscite, it’s unlikely to make any adjustments to policy. In addition to keeping the deposit rate unchanged, economists see it holding its target for three-month franc Libor at between minus 0.25 percent and minus 1.25 percent, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.

The central bank’s announcement on June 16 will come with an updated growth and inflation forecast and Jordan and fellow rate setters Fritz Zurbruegg and Andrea Maechler will brief the press in Bern. That’s a few hours before the rate decision of the Bank of England, whose Governor Mark Carney has warned a vote to leave on June 23 could usher in a recession.

In the U.K., polls have been too close to call.

Another cut to the SNB’s deposit rate is “possible,” Zurbruegg, the SNB’s vice president, told Basler Zeitung in an interview published on June 4. Yet a few days later, his predecessor Jean-Pierre Danthine, who has retired from policy making, said that the effective lower bound was “very close to minus 75 basis points” and that to go much lower, “radical measures” that are “simply not democratically enforceable today” would be needed.

According to the 22 economists who answered the question, the SNB can go as low as minus 1.25 percent before investors begin to hoard cash in a bid to circumvent the charge. Concerning interventions, which the SNB uncharacteristically admittedto having done at the height of the Greek debt crisis a year ago, the central bank can grow its balance sheet to 140 percent of annual output, from just over 100 percent currently, the survey found.

SNB will be able to intervene a lot more before its credibility gets called into question,At the moment, the SNB’s policy is broadly supported -- even with a constantly growing balance sheet.